This is NGC 7049 in the constellation of Indus, in the southern sky. The lacy web is a series of dust lanes, backlit by the millions of stars in the halo. Photograph: Hubble Space Telescope/NASA/ESA

Notice any difference? Second image has been put through my program to improve clarity and content. Has it, or not?

Do Galaxies Merge?

Do galaxies merge? The question goes to the very heart of how the Universe works

Is this vast structure of Andromeda the product of merger? Is a galaxy attracted to another by gravity and then configure from that kayos into this sedentary system?

The short answer is NO! 

NO requires justification that is altogether irrefutable - which is a rare thing. The site below sets out basic evidence that this galaxy, and most others, may never merge. We do not consider reasoning's and authentication that justify merger of galaxies or the process itself.

The proof we need is in common sense application and can be found in connections between the mass of a galaxy and it's centre!

https://simonkneen.wixsite.com/do-galaxies-merge

Outflow and the origin of galaxies.

Outflow from the centre as the origin of galaxies.

The movement of stars is vital to understand in galaxy evolution. Merger suggests stars are orbiting in circles around the galaxy. However, stars may be moving in spirals and yet seem circular if that process was gradual. Orbits are so vast and stars trajectory comparatively slow that spiralling may be hard to detect.

'Rather than moving in circles around the center of the Milky Way, all the stars in our Galaxy are travelling along different paths, moving away from the Galactic center.' This has been evidenced by Arnaud Siebert and Benoit Famaey, astronomers at the Strasbourg Astronomical Observatory, and by their colleagues in other countries.

Outward spiralling is likely to originate or start close to the Galaxy Centre, the location of a Super Massive Black Hole and nothing should escape those.

And yet these galaxy cores behave strangely. Instead of matter being gobbled up by immense gravity, most seems to move away in whats called 'outflow'. Large amounts of matter may spread out across the galaxy in a process like growth. This will help to describe the formation of galaxy features and the influence of the central object on the grand design by the movement of matter in galaxies. Outflow is a fundamentally different process to merger.

simonkneen.wixsite.com/galaxy

Filaments in Galaxy Clusters.

Black Holes may generate filaments around high energy core.

The central galaxy, in massive clusters, generates double helix filaments that may relate to smaller satellite galaxies. These filaments often connect one galaxy to another. Processes around the centre are vital to understand in galaxy evolution. Here is a SMBH of true immensity. Gravitational sheer must be huge. Outflow is massive. Powerful shock waves blast out of the centre.

How do filaments survive in this high energy enviroment? What is the central object's pivotal role? These are the important questions. The answer may be found in powerful processes at the centre. Filaments may be generated by BHs in galaxy cluster centre as the only objects which could exist in those conditions (if filaments are connected to anything). Suggests these filaments may be created by intense spiralling gravity. It may be possible for BHs to form gravitational bonds through space as has been predicted.

Filaments around galaxy cluster core.

Outflow and the movement of matter in galaxies.

Movement of matter in galaxy.

The movement of stars in galaxies appears to be circular, as merger predicts, while the patterns in features of galaxies may describe spiralling. Orbits are so vast and stars trajectory relatively slow that gradual spiralling may appear circular.
The movement of matter makes patterns in galaxies that show a general and gradual outward spiral (like the speed of stars that uniformly slow across the galaxy). Outward spiralling may indicate why the central object is so influential as that movement may originate near the galaxy centre. That's the location of a Super Massive Black Hole and nothing should escape those.
And yet, these galaxy cores behave strangely. Instead of matter being gobbled up by immense gravity, some seems to move away in what's called  'outflow'. Large amounts of matter may spread out across the galaxy in a process that escapes the middle. Hot new blue stars have been found in a disc around Andromeda's centre as outflow, in some cases, may generate a star forming region.

Rather than moving in circles around the center of the Milky Way, all the stars in our Galaxy are travelling along different paths, moving away from the Galactic center. This has just been evidenced by Arnaud Siebert and Benoit Famaey, astronomers at the Strasbourg Astronomical Observatory, and by their colleagues in other countries. Credit: Gal Matijevic, Ljubljana University

simonkneen.wixsite.com/galaxy

Patterns of evolution.

Patterns of evolution in galaxy type structures relate to a similar morphology in a repeating basic design from globular clusters to dwarf galaxies and to massive galaxies. Patterns like symmetrical and circular in shape, increasing density of stars towards the middle, young stars forming in the centre and they may all have a dominating central object. This may associate with the same fundamental process relating to patterns of the movement of matter in these structures and not merger.


Globular cluster, dwarf galaxy and massive galaxy with same basic morphology.

simonkneen.wixsite.com/galaxy

Galaxies and Black Holes.

Black Hole and White Hole connected through space time by gravity.

The question is not "Can a prediction about Black Holes being connected to a partner star coined a White hole as a physical 'bond', that matter may travel through, actually exist" No, the question is "Do galaxies show signs of a matter increase from the centre and outward spiralling" Merger suggests stars are rotating for ever around the galaxy. Outward spiralling suggests replenishing of matter at the centre which needs a process to achieve that. The vital question of star orbit in the galaxy is one that can be answered simply by patterns of matter movement and that is what I'm good at. simonkneen.wixsite.com/galaxy


Increase in mass at galaxy centre may help forge link between mass of SMBH and galaxy.

Orion A and star formation.

Birthplace of the suns: The integral-shaped filament, the two star clusters above the filament, and cloud L1641 in the south can be seen on these images of the Orion A star formation region. The picture on the left shows a density map compiled with data from the Herschel space telescope, the one on the right an infrared image taken by the WISE space telescope. The photo in the center is a combination of both images.

 

Double filaments with star forming along their length, terminate at massive star forming clusters. That association relates to a focused area of star creation like the Orphan Cluster centre as an end point for these filaments, with the arrival of matter and expansion from a central object, that forges this cluster.

NGC 1977 as termination point for filaments

Origin of Cocoon Nebula.

Cocoon Nebula at end of filaments. Image credits: ESA/Herschel/SPIRE/PACS/D. Arzoumanian (CEA Saclay)

Star studded filaments join to Cocoon Nebula as a connection in evolution. This maybe part of matter transit through these filaments as conduits (though no known process can achieve this) is proved by the formation of stars along their length as a connection to massive matter transfer. The very centre of the Cocoon Nebula sits on top of a column of filaments as the termination point and suggests an entity or end point resides there. From that centre (probably something like a White Dwarf) matter expands almost symmetrically to form the Nebula as a growth system of that transfer. There is no question that a connection exists between those double filaments and the Nebula with associations, via unknown evolutionary processes, to accumulations of matter as new stars.
Other filaments and connection to 'ribbons' of stars may have termination points as types of nebula, and there is evidence of this, that poses the questions: How can matter pass inside filaments and what process of transfer? Where a whole other explanation may exist for their formation.

Eta Carinae. Symmetrical expansion of matter that forms nebula with two tube like structures, connected to central object, as termination point for transfer through double filaments.

Star forming and Filaments.

Star forming filament. Image credit: ESA/Herschel/SPIRE/M. Juvela (U. Helsinki, Finland).

Herschel's hunt for filaments in the Milky Way
One of the key aspects that emerged from these observations is the presence of a filamentary network nearly everywhere in our Galaxy's interstellar medium. The picture that is emerging is that these structures are closely linked to the formation of stars.
Prior to Herschel, astronomers had already identified several filaments in interstellar clouds and recognised their potential importance for star formation. However, only with the increased sensitivity and spatial resolution granted by this observatory, combined with its large-scale surveys, could they reveal the full extent of filamentary patterns in the Milky Way.

Filaments connect to star forming as a transfer system of matter. Which begs the question: What creates these filament structures and how is matter transferred?

Black Hole and gravitational connected partner theorized as White Hole.

Through space time via accretion. In accretion a large amount of matter vanishes before reaching the Black Hole and this passes through space time. Escaping and even repelled by gravity as negative antimatter.


IC5146. Filaments connect to nebula (top) and star forming in matter transfer.

IC5146. Nebular at end of filaments, to centre, produces symmetrical growth around White Hole.

Fractal morphology.

Fractal association in basic structure from separate evolution.

Odd correlation between structures of different morphology:
   All symmetrical and often perfectly circular in shape.
   Powerful, energetic process in the centre.
   A central object (not in clusters)
   That central entity, when found, is often semi-compact.
   All have powerful 'outflow' from or around the centre.
   Hard to calculate rotation of the often enigmatic central object (some super fast, some v. slow).
   Bright, active zone may form around central object in bigger structures that may connect to star forming.
   Grading from the centre to the extremities as a steady decline in matter densities.
   The further from centre, the slower the movement of matter.

If the same entity is found in the centre of clusters and the fast rotation of the super massive objects in the centre of galaxies was in doubt (that is calculated from the speed of gasses and not directly from rotation) then these structures would have a striking correlation in evolution and driven by the same fundamental process just very different in scale.
We get used to viewing these structures without seeing how bizarre they are to produce with the current evolution process.

Supernova.

Supernova triggers star core collapse.

Explosive supernova triggers star core collapse asymmetrically as the shock wave and powerful gravity of core overcome the strong forces that stabilise atoms and form a new Black Hole. This sudden and violent event provides the possibility for dense matter to escape. The core may impact, at great speed, the forming Black Hole and recoil to produce an ejector that burns at very high energy. Resulting on some Gamma Ray Bursts which are known to originate from supernova events as burning of dense matter.

Gamma Ray Burst (GRB) product of Supernova.

New Website.




Black Hole and White Hole evolution connected by gravitational Wormhole. 

I have accumulated the proposals contained in my blog with additional evidence in a new website below. This is not other peoples interpretation and as such is unofficial. Working to form one theory based on Relativity to explain parts of galaxy evolution may require some revaluation of what we know. What have Black Holes wormholes and White holes got to do with the evolving  universal? View site and give me fed back.             

 simonkneen.wixsite.com/black-hole           

Quasar evolution.

The megaparsec-scale jet emanating from Quasar  PKS 0637-752. Image: Dr Leith Godfrey, ICRAR and Dr Jim Lovell, UTas. 

A distant quasar that was formed 6 billion years ago and is shining with the power of 10 trillion suns has a huge asymmetric outflow or jet. It’s called PKS 0637-752 and is thought to be an early galaxy with a supermassive black hole in its center. There doesn't seem to be satisfactorily explain of how this outflow escapes a SMBH, why it contains regular 'knots', the asymmetric nature or how quasars becomes galaxies.
The SMBH itself, central to any explanation, also has properties that seem unlike 'smaller' Black Holes. Relativity has the answer as this gravitationally connects a BH to a partner, of unknown properties, coined a White Hole ( See - 'Black hole formation and association to second object') The connection as a time bridge stretches between the partners and may form a conduit through which matter (rather antimatter - which in this scenario is gravitationally negative) can pass.
This may seem science fiction that matter (antimatter) can escape a BH in a double helix gravitational filament and pass through space time, at the speed of light, to arrive around the Quasar WH. 


 Quasar White Hole recipiant of matter (antimatter) through Time Bridge filament.

This emergence of matter may better describe quasar properties as that would form an asymmetric outflow. The two jets from the time bridge create knots as the WH slowly rotates* as in this scenario the filaments connect to either side of the WH's equator. In spiral galaxies that attachment is not 'glancing' to form polar jetting but direct into the equator that rebounds, as antimatter is repelled by positive gravity, to form the Bar of stars.
Over vast stretches of time quasars become galaxies as the Disc of stars around the equator expands to become the Galactic Plain which places the WH in the centre of it's own growth system. The question is - are galaxies made by growth? Properties of galaxies correspond to growth form the centre (not quite every feature though), however, the galactic properties that associate well with merger are zero!

Quasar part of matter transfer as 'Relative' growth in Galaxy evolution through cosmic time.

This process of growth is repeated in our galaxy as star clusters or dwarf galaxies and across the Universe as a repeating pattern or fractal and makes us all, potentially, time travelers.

*WH's rotate slowly as the product of ejection. The fast moving matter close to the centre is due to the super fast antimatter transfer.

 From the Cosmic Webs origin at the Big Bang to galaxy evolution through all of Time.



Eta Carinae, filaments and outflow.

 

Image of Eta Carinae. Credit N. Smith / J.A. Morse (U. Colorado) et al. NASA.

This expansion of matter from Eta Carinae, thought to be eruptions from dying star binary, may be part of a system of outflow connected to double filaments. They appear all over the Galaxy and seem to be, somehow, connected to star creation.
In this image two tube like structures align with the central stars to forge activity in expansive not destructive process. I suggest the arrival of matter via filaments (which are known to connect with star formation and, hence, matter) may better describe possibilities for material that escape and form this beautiful symmetrical outflow. Maybe, other symmetrical outflow from planetary nebula can also be associated with transfer over long periods from filaments. This has implications for star and galaxy evolution as a vector for matter transfer across the Universe.
This is not the only example of double filament connections to the active centre star in planetary nebula. See NGC 2346,  Hubble 5

 NGC 2346 

NOAO scientists, using the Gemini Observatory 8-meter telescope in Chile, have obtained the highest resolution image ever obtained for the planetary nebula NGC 2346. This shows two filaments connected to the centre.

 

Growth in Galaxies from the center.



 Bar of Stars in Galaxy formation and connection to spiral arms in growth.

Some processes in Galaxy evolution suggests a general movement of stars, like in the Bar, as away from the Core in spiraling orbit. This suggests the Bar is produced by the expelling of matter or outflow, that forge stars, from around the Central Object in two continuous jet like structures. 
As I have suggested ( see -The Bar of stars and the Spiral Arms in Galaxy Evolution.) the Bar and the Spiral Arms are connected physically and may be the same structure as matter migrates from the Bar to become a spiral outside the Bulge as the same double jet.


APOGEE observations have measured the velocities for nearly 5,000 stars near the Galactic centre. With these velocities they assembled a picture of how these stars orbit the centre of the Milky Way. However, quite unexpectedly, they found that a substantial amount of stars in the inner Galaxy associated with the Bar are moving away from us quickly.
This may be evidence for outward spiraling.

Fast outward movement of stars from galaxy centre in the Bar and direct connection with central object.

Black hole formation and association to second object.

Relativity predicts a gravitational connection between a Black Hole and a White Hole. This connection, if it exists, happens every time a BH is formed which suggests a causal link in their evolution. That cannot occur in a star before the core collapse BH formation nor likely to happen after as a random gravitational capture. The relationship can only form in the special conditions in a collapse event as the BH is created at a type II supernova.

When a large star dies (large enough for the core to form a BH ) the huge gravity of the core and the shock wave, from the nova, overcome the strong forces that hold atoms stable. This triggers a violent cascade as the core collapse at enormous speed. That creates inertia force which rebounds throwing out a second (assisted by the asymmetric nature of the shock wave, and resulting collapse, as the supernova is to one side of the Core) and associated object which evolves into a WH or neutron star partner.

Supernova asymmetric to star core

Shock wave passes around core starts collapse

Core condence

Shock wave meets

Final cascade impacts on core and reboumds forming ejector.

or

Evidence for this separation event comes from gamma ray bursts associated to this type of supernova. Throwing out the second and gravitationally connected object, as an ejector, creates a column of dence matter between the two which burns at high energy as a gamma ray burst. There are two sorts of burst demonstrating two sorts of second object; powerful collapse of larger stars may throw out a stable neutron star partner which is signified by a very short burst with a sharp 'cut off', smaller stars or lass powerful collapse may produce a second object to small to be stable and erupts forming a 'burn down' as the second object evolves and contributes to the burst. This becomes a WH.

The WH has unusual properties and may be hard to associate to the Main Sequence, but will be a fairly common entity in the galaxy, being dence material that has evolved. Released from gravitational confines this WH erupts - that is accreted directly onto the BH splitting the gravitational connection (they have a gravitational connection as they were both one thing and the WH escapes as an ejector) in two as the accretion disc occupies the 'equatorial' region of the BH. That joins the WH gravitationally to the BH’s 'poles' forming a double connection through space and time which uses the rotational force of the BH in forming a gravitational vortex (the deviation in gravity, as one partner is very powerful and the other weak, is a deviation in time so the connection is through space and time or a time bridge) that attaches to the WH surface as a bond like two hovers on a tennis ball. That connection will not apply to a neutron star partner as this is by definition already powerful, no evolution faze to initiate accretion that split the gravitational connection and will not focus that association at the poles of the BH. The BH/WH partnership rely on deviation in gravity that is represented by a deviation in time.

 Glowing gravitational filaments as double time bridge through space time.

 Stellar bodies are often products of collapse which increases rotation as circumfluance shrinks WH’s are ejectors and don't obtain rotation that way so may take weeks, months or years to go round once. Thus the physical properties of a WH may be; slow rotation, initially low mass, have a double (helix) physical connection to the BH partner and being dence material that has evolved. These may be regularly appearing objects in the Galaxy as BH formation naturally produces a WH or neutron star partner.


This gravitational association may help the BH pull it’s own WH partner in forming a binary (Low Mass X-ray Binary) with a causal link in evolution - different from a High Mass X-ray Binary that is random.



Galaxy formation by Matter Transfer

 Galaxy filament connect Black Hole to White Hole

The transfer of material to the center of the Galaxy and resulting expansion may better describe galaxy evolution with a basic Relative association. Powered by a Black Hole matter transfers through space time by a physical gravitational connection to a second object theorized as a White Hole.

Material passes through a connection between the two objects in a double channel with a gravitational and magnetic association (one filament rotates clockwise the other anti-clockwise using the BH rotation that spirals the gravitational force). Evidence for these filaments come from detecting double helix structures that cross the Universe and found in galaxies. 

The transfer relies on the conversion of matter to antimatter at the inner accretion zone and that to be gravitationally negative and repelled from the BH (it is not conclusively proved that antimatter is either gravitationally positive or negative). These filaments glow due to the possible interaction with matter and  volatile antimatter during the transportation. This gives a direct Relative connection as only a Black Hole has the necessary force to forge them if made by gravity.

Antimatter arriving at the Galaxy Center, at great speed, around the Central Object is repeled to form part of the outward drift process and the conversion back to matter and energy at the active 'torus'. There are two huge jets that blast from the Central Object, associated to the double time bridge transfer, forming the Bar of stars that become the Spiral Arms as part of outward drift.

Notice the Central Object orientates to the filament and that orientation is associated with the connection between the mass of the Galaxy and the Central Object as all three, in this scenario, are connected. This one sided connection may form asymmetric jetting in the Galaxy Core

This is a color enhanced version of the infrared signal to make the Double Helix Nebula's features easier to see. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/UCLA

Above is an image of a double helix structure passing directly towards and orientated to the Milky Way's Galaxy Core as the Time Bridge that might be evidence for a double helix gravitational antimatter conduit connection.

This transfer predicts a galaxy is made by matter arriving at the center, not so much merger, which is easy to prove as a growth process cannot be confused by random merger and galaxy features do correlate to Relative growth. In theory every BH will have just such a partner and gravitational connection as tidal filaments.

 

Relative Filaments.

Filaments thought to be magnetic in origin may be gravitational and Relative based. Forged in the early Universe they span vast distance to connect to galaxy evolution as the Cosmic Web. Transporting something in a double helix structure. What these contain may be matter as little has the potential to flow through gravitational or magnetic features like these. 

Large filaments stretch huge distances in space and time which originate in the early Universe. Relativity predict a connection between a black hole and a gravitationally associated second object coined a white hole. These connections may form conduits through which matter can pass to emerge at the White Hole in the Core. This predicts the galaxy to be dominated by the potential for matter (antimatter) to arrive around the centre as a growth process.

Filament connecting to Galaxy evolution.

 

The Cosmic Web

                    Cosmic Web

The Cosmic Web is made of filaments that may have a Relative connection. These filaments could be gravitational as well as magnetic in formation. This may have a Relative association as only Black Holes has the intense gravity to create such structures over the vast distance they traverse space and time.

This single image (above) show filaments passing deeper and deeper into the Universe bridging most of space but also time as 'wormholes'. The further one looks, following these filaments, the deeper into time one goes as the depth of field traverses most of space time. Back to the early Universe.

Filaments in the Web are likely to end at a second object in the present as a gravitational association of such enormous length will imply a destination (a gravitational or magnetic feature of potentially billions of light years in length must produced somehow and may end in an entity).


Evolution of the Universe through cosmic time.

The Web connected to Galaxy evolution - looking back through cosmic time.