White Holes (predicted to associate with Black Holes) in Relativity connected to Galaxy evolution.
The enlargement of galaxies is generally accepted to be through merger, called the Standard Model, where galaxies coalesce by gravitational attraction. This fails to explain the association between Galaxies and the Super Massive Black Hole (SMBH) lurking in the centre.

SMBH/Galaxy association.

1 There is a correlation in size as the SMBH is about 0.5% the mass of the Galaxy suggesting they increase or evolve together.

2 There only appear to be one and right in the centre.

3 The plane on which the galaxy forms respects the SMBH’s equator - if it jets (presumably from the poles) that is at 90° to the Galactic Plane. 

4 The entire galaxy rotates or orbits about this SMBH like a vast disc. 

5 This object is unusually large, at least 1000 times bigger than anything else, suggesting a special evolutionary path.

                                               Sgr A* - Galactic centre in the x-ray.

SMBH Galaxy Core 

Some estimation of the properties of such a massive object in such a matter rich environment can be guest. There are Black Holes (BH) of this size or bigger elsewhere that are the brightest objects in the Universe called quasars. That description will not fit Sgr A* galaxy core which should be bright in the x-ray, flare as stars are attracted and have a large accretion disc which it does not. It appears discreet, dull and mysterious. Quasars and SMBH are not at all comparable.

The rotation speed has been unusually difficult to calculate suggesting strange characteristics.

We can be confident its a BH as there is no other object it could be - which is not true. Part of the prediction concerning BH (in Relativity) is also describes a second and associated object. Matter falling into the BH in the accretion process does not all land on the compact surface and this second object is where it may emerge called a white hole (WH).
This may inhabit the Galaxy centre and not a SMBH. We may be the recipient of matter from a BH elsewhere in the Universe. Attempting to prove the properties of what may be a massive white hole are unnecessary - by looking at the causal link and association described above between Galaxy features and the central object can determine its properties.

Contrasting galaxy features to a merger process in the Standard Model with a SMBH and comparing this to a more relative process with a Super Massive White Hole (SMWH) in the Galaxy middle will show which is more credible. In the Relative Model matter emerges in the centre and spirals away to be constantly replaced in what is accentually a growth process. Comparing these two models with regular features of galaxies will determine that no feature can be associated directly with merger and all can be connected with a growth process.

Merger of Galaxies v Relative Growth.

The Relative Model suggests expansion. Matter in the Galaxy spirals away from the centre and is constantly replaced. As the galaxy grows so does the SMWH forming a correlation in size as the central object takes 0.5% of the passing matter. It also suggests that only one SMWH is needed, you won’t find two or more, and always in the Galactic centre like an axis around which all matter will rotate. Mass expanding from the middle will give galaxies a circular and symmetrical character with the SMWH right in the heart. 

The Standard Model predicts a more chaotic galaxy. Even a ‘sympathetic’ merger where two galaxies come harmoniously together will overlay features like spiral arms and bulges to form concentrations of stars, odd shapes and deformity. 

                                           Circular and symmetrical galaxy.

Matter expanding from the SMWH in the Relative Model will respect the magnetic field of the central object initially and simply continues that motion forming a vast disc. It would be unlikely that even a super massive central object could dominate matter over the full width of a galaxy. 

New stars forming around the SMWH will give them an even and near circular orbit. The amount of very irregular or elliptical orbits will be low (maybe less than 1%) and incoming stars from merger will create a high percentage of elliptical orbits (40-50%+ would not be unexpected). The actual amount of elliptical orbits is very low which is not associated to the Standard Model.

The Relative Model suggest that the bulge is a huge star-forming zone with matter pouring from the SMWH forming stars that spiral across the galaxy over time. This produces young stars whereas the Standard Model suggests it is full of old, however, when the ages of stars are analysed they appear to be largely young. This is called the ‘paradox of youth’ and is not related to the Standard Model.

If the Relative Model is true and the bulge is a huge star-forming region with stars spiralling away over time then they will be generally aged, right across the Galaxy, according to distance from the centre. This suggests younger stars are found at the bulge and the older at the edge of the glowing galaxy which is in general what has been established. (M. Arnaud. ‘The Evolution of Galaxy Clusters Across Cosmic Time’ 2010)

Unlike much discussed here where the Standard Model may, at a pinch, be viable it is impossible for the random, chaotic, and disruptive merger processes to form a grading of star clusters in age according to distance from the bulge.

What the glowing galaxy represents is the evolution of stars. They predominantly form in the bulge (barring some notable exceptions like special star-forming zones called nebular etc and the possible condensing of stars from clouds of matter in the general interstellar medium) and spiral away over time to eventually die. Stars have a lifetime and this is represented by the bright galaxy. Though they must eventually go dark it is not the end of the matter they are made from. That will continue to spiral away forming the Dark Halo as a star grave yard. So the whole galaxy is the sum of mass passed through the bridge over its lifetime. 

                               Dark Halo around galaxy showing graveyard of stars.

Galaxy size.

The Relative Model suggests a steady outward flow of matter creating a growth process so galaxies of a similar age may have a similar mass. Plotted on a graph their sizes will fall into a growth curve. This is called Freeman’s Law. In the Standard Model galaxies start small and randomly merge which will not result in galaxies of similar large size. 

The Sun.

The sun is not orbiting in an exact circle around the galaxy. We are gradually moving away as a likely illustration of outward drift. The Sun may have formed in the bulge with most of the stars around us from matter passed through space time and we have gradually spiralled away over the Sun’s lifetime.

Spiral Arms.

These features are not random. They are connected to a bar of stars that crosses the centre of the bulge right through the SMWH. Matter as two streams like huge jets steadily move away through outward drift and are replaced from the centre as part of the Relative Model. As they pass out of the direct magnetic field of the SMWH they form two spirals as part of outward drift and rotation. These arms are the bar of yesteryear.

                              Bar of stars represents outward drift that become spiral arms.

The interaction between these two jets of matter and a SMWH or a bar of stars and a SMBH in the Standard Model (there must be some as they occupy the same space) are not an interaction recognized about BHs.

Bar formed by two massive jets from equator of SMWH  (not BH)

None of the galaxy features described here can be associated with merger - all can be linked to growth. Some of the reasoning’s in merger are difficult to believe but a few, the ageing of stars from the bulge and the formation of the bar, are impossible.

Black Holes, Time Bridges and Accretion

Any matter transfer to a WH must come from interactions at the BH partner elsewhere through accretion. Matter in accretion rotates into the BH around the equatorial region forming a disc. This matter increases in speed due to decrease in orbit. At the inner accretion zone it may convert to antimatter. That would be gravitationally negative and violently repelled by the BH. Not back into space but up the time bridge. 

Matter falling into the equatorial region in accretion will pass half north and half south. This ejects both sides of the BH suggesting the time bridge to be connected to the poles as a double tunnel. This avoids contact with matter in the accretion disc as antimatter is highly volatile.

                             Accretion Disc represents matter falling into Black Hole.

                              Unseen matter flow and Time Bridge construction.

As the BH rotates it twists the two time bridge filaments over each other creating a spiral called a double helix. At the WH end the time bridge interacts predominantly in two points forming two huge jets of matter that produce the bar of stars. It’s a double both ends and in-between.

                               Non Thermal Filament is Time Bridge.

These non thermal filaments have the correct structure predicted by this theory so are not likely to be formed by other fundamental processes like dark matter. They glow due to the exciting of antimatter by matter that may penetrate the time bridge. Not large objects that are gravitational, as they may be repelled, but charged partials which are unavoidable. It is antimatter that arrives at the SMWH which is repelled forming the general outward drift scenario across the Galaxy with only a small proportion (0.5%) being absolved by the SMWH. Once in the Galaxy antimatter violently reacts converting readily to energy and matter generating the Torus.

Other evidence for the double time bridge is located near the BH. A visible interaction between matter and antimatter may occur at the outer accretion zone. If the time bridge is wound close to the BH matter from the disc may pass through the forks of the bridge creating an intermittent and visible hot spot on the outer accretion zone. This hotspot is predicted by this formation and so is unlikely to be associated with other fundamental processes.

Matter Transfer and Nebular

BH access to matter will predict the effects at the associated WH. If the BH catches a partner like a random star in forming a high mass x-ray binary, not low mass, then during a transit matter is striped, accreted and conveyed to the WH elsewhere which may flare, form a Be star with unbound mass or become shrouded in a cloud. If the BH evolves in more matter rich environment like inside the bulge enough may be accreted to start the formation of stars around the WH in a cloud called a nebular.

                                                       Cloud around Be star.     

                                            Star forming Nebular.

It is the gravity of BH that commence the star formation process in the Galaxy at the centre or in specific star forming regions and maybe not usually by the collapsing of general clouds of matter into stars in the interstellar medium. Which questions matter evolution by cycling via generations of supernova and reformation into stars. 

If the BH evolves close to the matter rich galactic centre the time bridge conveyance may be large enough to form huge clusters or even dwarf galaxies. That these features are not captured but home grown.

The two dwarf galaxies close to the Milky Way suggest two BH of large size close to the galactic core. One BH may have moved causing accretion to falter, matter transfer will fail and in the dwarf galaxy stars are not replaced creating an empty middle - this is how galaxies die.

Evidence for these connections can be found in the time bridges that weave across the galaxy. They appear to radiate from the bulge as this is the only place in the galaxy were a BH can become big enough to attract substantial matter to form a large time bridges.

                                            Filaments passing matter across galaxy

SMWH and partner BH

The bridge between large BHs close to the galaxy core and huge clusters must remain stable for long term transfer. This suggests time bridges to extend over great distance and be remarkably stable. They must survive inevitable high energy interactions as they pass through the galactic plane; through the bulge, other time bridges, the bar of stars, the SMWH etc. By their apparent abundance they must be stable, stretchable and robust.

How far they can span may be indicated by the association between the SMWH and its BH partner. This must be of huge size to attract enough matter to feed a galaxy and the only candidates are quasars which cannot be found isolated or even in another galaxy. They must be in a place of almost limitless matter and luckily there is such a place - the early expansion fazes of the Universe, soon after the Big Bang, where all mass was thought to be formed. This is the place we also find quasars. So the only objects possible are in the only place possible. We are connected through most of space time via the interaction of Mass Time and connected under one amazing theory (relativity). Evidence for this relationship comes from non thermal filaments that cross the Universe like arteries passing matter, that are time bridges, to expanding galaxies.

         Non thermal filamentary time bridges over vast distance from quasars to expanding galaxies.

The connections do not end there. In order for a WH to evolve into a galaxy the time bridge alliance must be made first then the matter transfer can begin. We look back into the deep field of the Universe to when the Milky Way was smaller, back to when the Galaxy was a dwarf, a cluster, a nebular, a Be star then to the connection. 1 billion years from the Big Bang galaxies are already reasonable size so the time bridge connection formed deeper within this early expansion suggesting a connection in this very early phase.

Probably the first stars ever to collapse their cores in the creation of BHs via a supernova that forged the association and then diverged in space time. One object, the WH, to form the Galaxy the other, the BH, to become so large and gravitationally powerful it almost stops time. Remember, the greater the gravity the more time is slowed which also suggests WH characteristics do not substantially slow time (only semi compact and not rotating*). In a sense these quasars are extending the fundamental process that forged all mass. What may be billions of years of evolution for us may be a small stretch of time for a quasar. What happens to us in our journey and what happens to quasars in theirs (and everything proposed in this paper), in what amounts to the evolution of the Universe associated with the interaction between mass and time, can be summed up in one simple equation. U=mt

Universe = U.     Mass = m.     Time = t

Change t. to speed of light c² (as a constant and recognition of time) U=mc² 

And relativity is based on E=mc² 

The Universe is all energy and it’s formed by the interaction of mass and time through the properties of BH / WH partnership as described here and predicted by relativity.

*Matter coming from around the WH may move super fast as antimatter may travel in the bridge near the speed of light. The Relative association suggest the WH is not rotating, hardly.

The origin of the Bar of stars that passes through the Galactic centre is difficult to connect to the merger process in the Standard Model. Yet most galaxies have this feature as a huge line of stars stretching across the Bulge and passing through the vicinity of the central SM Black Hole.

Any relationship between this bar and the galaxy core is destructive as the movement of stars will be generally inward. This requires the replacement of matter at the outer edge of the Bar, to remain an unbroken line, which is a scenario that appears unlikely.

Matter forming the Bar must be moving (in association with the Galaxy Core) one of three ways; falling in, maintaining the same distance or moving away.

Falling in is unlikely, so is retaining the same distance, as the powerful gravity of the central object will attract matter, in both cases, destroying the Bar and so won’t be continuous across the Bulge.

The only scenario that fits is outward drift from the midpoint. This will give the Bar the correct construction and helps to explain the two Spiral Arms that connect to either end. If the general movement is away from the Galaxy Centre the Bar becomes the Spiral Arms once leaving the Bulge. When the rotation of the Galaxy is unwound the Spiral Arms and bar will form one continuous stream of matter from galactic centre to dark halo.

In this model the Bar is formed at the Galactic centre by two huge jets of matter from the equator not the poles (which is not possible with a Black Hole). In fact many features are better explained, through the outward drift of stars, right across the Galaxy. Like a correlation in mass of the Galaxy with the central object; the often symmetrical and circular nature of galaxies, the general association between galaxies sizes called Freeman’s Law and stars within the Galaxy that generally seem to be moving away from the core.

            SM object in Galaxy centre connection to jetting from poles and equator.
Categorising this as a SM Black Hole suggests it should have a huge accretion disc, be very bright in the x-ray and flare as whole stars are accreted. It has none of these characteristics but is generally dull, discreet and mysterious.There are Black Holes of very large size called quasars which are the brightest objects in the Universe, which should associate in characteristics, that description will not fit Sgr A*.

The adoption of the central object as a Black Hole is partly because there’s nothing else it could be - which is not totally true. In the same place Black Holes are described (Relativity) also suggest an associated object of unknown properties called a White Hole. If this is a White Hole it would link the evolution of Galaxies to Relativity and not haphazard and unlikely merger in the Standard Model.

Galaxy enlargement is generally accepted to be through merger, called the Standard Model, where galaxies coalesce by gravitational attraction. This fails to explain the association between Galaxies and the Super Massive Black Hole (SMBH) lurking in the centre.

SMBH/Galaxy association.

1 There's a correlation in size as the SMBH is about 0.5% the mass of the Galaxy suggesting they increase or evolve together.

2 There only appear to be one and right in the centre.

3 The plane on which the galaxy forms respects the SMBH - if it jets (presumably from the poles) that is at 90° to the galactic plane as a recognition of its 'equator'. 

4 The entire galaxy rotates or orbits about this SMBH like a vast disc. 

5 This object is unusually large, at least 1000 times bigger than anything else, suggesting a special evolutionary path.

                                               Sgr A* - Galactic centre in the x-ray.

SMBH Galaxy Core 

Some estimation of the properties of such a massive object in such a matter rich environment can be guest. There are Black Holes (BH) of this size or bigger elsewhere that are the brightest objects in the Universe called quasars. That description will not fit Sgr A* galaxy core which should be bright in the x-ray, flare as stars are attracted and include a large accretion disc all of which it does not have. It appears discreet, dull and mysterious. Quasars and SMBH are not at all comparable.

The rotation speed has been unusually difficult to calculate suggesting strange characteristics.

We can be confident its a BH as there is no other object it could be - which is not totally true. Part of the prediction concerning BH (in Relativity) is also describes a second and associated object of unknown properties. Matter falling into the BH in the accretion process does not all land on the compact surface and this second object is where it may emerge called a white hole (WH).

This may inhabit the Galaxy centre and not a SMBH. We may be the recipient of matter from a BH elsewhere in the Universe. Attempting to prove the properties of what may be a massive white hole are unnecessary. Looking at the causal link and association described above between Galaxy features and the central object may determine its properties. Contrasting galaxy features to a merger process in the Standard Model with a SMBH and comparing this to a more relative process with a Super Massive White Hole (SMWH) in the Galaxy middle will show which is more credible.

Merger of Galaxies v Relative Growth.

The Relative Model suggests expansion where matter in the Galaxy spirals away from the centre and is constantly replaced. As the galaxy grows so does the SMWH forming a correlation in size as the central object takes 0.5% of the passing matter (and not through regular accretion so no large disc and not bright in the x-ray). It also suggests that only one SMWH is needed, you won’t find two or more, and always in the Galactic centre like an axis around which all matter will rotate. Mass expanding from the middle will give galaxies a circular and symmetrical character with the SMWH right in the heart. 

The Standard Model predicts a more chaotic galaxy. Even a ‘sympathetic’ merger where two galaxies come harmoniously together will overlay features like spiral arms and bulges to form concentrations of stars, odd shapes and deformity. 

                                           Circular and symmetrical galaxy.

Matter expanding from the SMWH in the Relative Model will respect the magnetic field of the central object initially and simply continues that motion forming a vast disc. It would be unlikely that even a super massive central object could dominate matter over the full width of a galaxy. 

New stars forming around the SMWH will give them an even and near circular orbit. The amount of very irregular or elliptical orbits will be low (maybe less than 1%) and incoming stars from merger will create a high percentage of elliptical orbits (40-50% would not be unexpected). The actual amount of elliptical orbits is very low which is not associated to the Standard Model.

The Relative Model suggest that the bulge is a huge star-forming zone with matter pouring from the SMWH forming stars that spiral across the galaxy over time. This makes it full of young stars whereas the Standard Model suggests it is full of old, however, when the ages of stars are analysed they appear to be largely young. This is called the ‘paradox of youth’ and is not related to the Standard Model.

If the Relative Model is true and the bulge is a huge star-forming region with stars spiralling away over time then they will be generally aged, right across the Galaxy, according to distance from the centre. This suggests younger stars are found at the bulge and the older at the edge of the glowing galaxy which is in general what has been established. (M. Arnaud. ‘The Evolution of Galaxy Clusters Across Cosmic Time’ 2010)

Unlike much discussed here where the Standard Model may, at a pinch, be viable it is impossible for the random, chaotic, and disruptive merger processes to form a grading of stars in age according to distance from the bulge.

What the glowing galaxy represents is the evolution of stars. They predominantly form in the bulge (barring some notable exceptions like special star-forming zones called nebular etc and the possible condensing of stars from clouds of matter in the general interstellar medium) and spiral away over time to eventually die. Stars have a lifetime and this is represented by the bright galaxy. Though they must eventually go dark it is not the end of the matter they are made from. That will continue to spiral away forming the Dark Halo as a star grave yard. So the whole galaxy is the sum of mass passed through the bridge over its lifetime. 

                                         Dark Halo around galaxy, in red, showing graveyard of stars.

Galaxy size.

The Relative Model suggests a steady outward flow of matter creating a growth process so galaxies of a similar age may have a similar mass. Plotted on a graph their sizes will fall into a growth curve. This is called Freeman’s Law. In the Standard Model galaxies start small and randomly merge which will not result in galaxies of similar large size. 

The Sun.

The sun is not orbiting in an exact circle around the galaxy. We are gradually moving away as a likely illustration of outward drift. The Sun may have formed in the bulge with most of the stars around us from matter passed through space time and we have gradually spiralled away over the Sun’s lifetime.

Spiral Arms.

These features are not random. They are connected to a bar of stars that crosses the centre of the bulge right through the SMWH. Matter as two streams like huge jets steadily move away through outward drift and are replaced from the centre as part of the Relative Model. As they pass out of the direct magnetic field of the SMWH they form two spirals as part of outward drift and rotation. These spiral arms are the bar of yesteryear.

                                       Bar of stars represents outward drift that become spiral arms.

The interaction between these two jets of matter and a SMWH or a bar of stars and a SMBH in the Standard Model (there must be some as they occupy the same space) are not an interaction recognized about BHs.

Bar formed by two massive jets from equator of SMWH  (not BH)

None of the galaxy features described here can be associated with merger - all can be linked to growth. Some of the reasoning’s in merger are difficult to believe but a few, the ageing of stars from the bulge and the formation of the bar, are impossible.

Relativity describe the properties of Black Holes but also suggest the existence of a second associated object called a White Hole. Theorising about possible candidates may help us to understand Galaxy evolution.
The enlargement of galaxies is generally accepted to be through merger, called the Standard Model, where they coalesce by gravitational attraction. This fails to explain the association between Galaxies and the Super Massive Black Hole (SMBH) lurking in the centre.

SMBH/Galaxy association.

The connection between galaxies and their SMBH:

1 There is a correlation in size as the SMBH is about 0.5% the mass of the Galaxy suggesting they increase or evolve together.

2 There only appear to be one and right in the centre.

3 The plane on which the galaxy forms respects the SMBH’s magnetic field - if it jets (presumably from the poles) that is at 90° to the galactic plane as a recognition of its equator. 

4 The entire galaxy rotates or orbits about this SMBH like a vast disc. 

5 This object is unusually large, at least 1000 times bigger than anything else, suggesting a special evolutionary path.

                                               Sgr A - Galactic centre in the x-ray.

SMBH Galaxy Core 

Some estimation of the properties of such a massive object in such a matter rich environment can be guest. There are Black Holes (BH) of this size or bigger elsewhere that are the brightest objects in the Universe called quasars. That description will not fit Sgr A galaxy core which should be bright in the x-ray, flare as stars are pulled in and have a large accretion disc which it does not. It appears discreet, dull and mysterious. Quasars and SMBH are not at all comparable.

The rotation speed has been unusually difficult to calculate suggesting strange characteristics.

We can be confident its a BH as there is no other object it could be - which is not true. Part of the prediction concerning BH (in Relativity) is also describes a second and associated object. Matter falling into the BH in the accretion process does not all land on the compact surface and this second object is where it may emerge called a white hole (WH).
This may inhabit the Galaxy centre and not a SMBH. We may be the recipient of matter from a BH elsewhere in the Universe. Attempting to prove the properties of what may be a massive white hole are unnecessary. By looking at the causal link and association described above between Galaxy features and the central object can determine its properties.

Contrasting galaxy features to a merger process in the Standard Model with a SMBH and comparing this to a more relative process with a Super Massive White Hole (SMWH) in the Galaxy middle will show which is more credible. In the Relative Model matter emerges in the centre and spirals away to be constantly replaced in what is basically a growth process. Comparing these two models with regular features of galaxies will determine that no feature can be associated directly with merger and all can be connected with a growth process.

Merger of Galaxies v Relative Growth.

The Relative Model suggests expansion. Matter in the Galaxy spirals away from the centre and is constantly replaced. As the galaxy grows so does the SMWH forming a correlation in size as the central object takes 0.5% of the passing matter. It also suggests that only one SMWH is needed, you won’t find two or more, and always in the Galactic centre like an axis around which all matter will rotate. Mass expanding from the middle will give galaxies a circular and symmetrical character with the SMWH right in the heart. 

The Standard Model predicts a more chaotic galaxy. Even a ‘sympathetic’ merger where two galaxies come harmoniously together will overlay features like spiral arms and bulges to form concentrations of stars, odd shapes and deformity. 

                                           Circular and symmetrical galaxy.

Matter expanding from the SMWH in the Relative Model will respect the magnetic field of the central object initially and simply continues that motion forming a vast disc. It would be unlikely that even a super massive central object could dominate matter over the full width of a galaxy. 

New stars forming around the SMWH will give them an even and near circular orbit. The amount of very irregular or elliptical orbits will be low (maybe less than 1%) and incoming stars from merger will create a high percentage of elliptical orbits (40-50% would not be unexpected). The actual amount of elliptical orbits is very low which is not associated to the Standard Model.

The Relative Model suggest that the bulge is a huge star-forming zone with matter pouring from the SMWH forming stars that spiral across the galaxy over time. This makes it full of young stars whereas the Standard Model suggests it is full of old, however, when the ages of stars are analysed they appear to be largely young. This is called the ‘paradox of youth’ and is not related to the Standard Model.

If the Relative Model is true and the bulge is a huge star-forming region with stars spiralling away over time then they will be generally aged, right across the Galaxy, according to distance from the centre. This suggests younger stars are found at the bulge and the older at the edge of the glowing galaxy which is in general what has been established. (M. Arnaud. ‘The Evolution of Galaxy Clusters Across Cosmic Time’ 2010)

Unlike much discussed here where the Standard Model may, at a pinch, be viable it is impossible for the random, chaotic, and disruptive merger processes to form a grading of stars in age according to distance from the bulge.

What the glowing galaxy represents is the evolution of stars. They predominantly form in the bulge (barring some notable exceptions like special star-forming zones called nebular etc and the possible condensing of stars from clouds of matter in the general interstellar medium) and spiral away over time to eventually die. Stars have a lifetime and this is represented by the bright galaxy. Though they must eventually go dark it is not the end of the matter they are made from. That will continue to spiral away forming the Dark Halo as a star grave yard. So the whole galaxy is the sum of mass passed through the bridge over its lifetime. 

                                         Dark Halo around galaxy showing graveyard of stars.

Galaxy size.

The Relative Model suggests a steady outward flow of matter creating a growth process so galaxies of a similar age may have a similar mass. Plotted on a graph their sizes will fall into a growth curve. This is called Freeman’s Law. In the Standard Model galaxies start small and randomly merge which will not result in galaxies of similar large size. 

The Sun.

The sun is not orbiting in an exact circle around the galaxy. We are gradually moving away as a likely illustration of outward drift. The Sun may have formed in the bulge with most of the stars around us from matter passed through space time and we have gradually spiralled away over the Sun’s lifetime.

Spiral Arms.

These features are not random. They are connected to a bar of stars that crosses the centre of the bulge right through the SMWH. Matter as two streams like huge jets steadily move away through outward drift and are replaced from the centre as part of the Relative Model. As they pass out of the direct magnetic field of the SMWH they form two spirals as part of outward drift and rotation. These arms are the bar of yesteryear.

                                       Bar of stars represents outward drift that become spiral arms.

The interaction between these two jets of matter and a SMWH or a bar of stars and a SMBH in the Standard Model (there must be some as they occupy the same space) are not an interaction recognized about BHs.

Bar formed by two massive jets from equator of SMWH  (not BH)

None of the galaxy features described here can be associated with merger - all can be linked to growth. Some of the reasoning’s in merger are difficult to believe but a few, the ageing of stars from the bulge and the formation of the bar, are impossible.

The Black Hole/White Hole connection.

Any theory concerning BH must be part of relativity. This predicts that very compact, very heavy and fast-spinning object’s strong gravity may bend and warp space time theoretically forming a time tunnel or well into the past. 

                                                   Grid depicting time warped by gravity

The problem with time tunnels concerns any physical representation. A two dimensional grid which is warped by the intense gravity can’t be how time is represented. It’s not a physical entity in itself nor is it a force. Time is in theory a fourth dimension and these are the characteristics and properties of matter. So anything with gravity can, supposedly, slow time. Our planet has a small but detectable effect and the Sun will have more. Even an atom has gravity so must have, in theory, an effect on time. If a place existed in the Universe that has no matter it would have no time and a relative tunnel cannot end without any time. What is needed to complete the picture is a second entity. Like a secondary star to the BH associated through space time and evolving with it to form something like a WH. 

Very early in the BH evolution a body was associated (as part of the birth process) through the properties of the Supernova forming a partnership via space time. This relative model implies the connection between the BH and WH is a time bridge which may have a specific and detectable structure.

Black Holes, Time Bridges and Accretion

Matter in accretion rotates into the BH around the equatorial region forming a disc. This matter increases in speed due to decrease in orbit. At the inner accretion zone it may convert to antimatter. That may be gravitationally negative and violently repelled by the BH. Not back into space but up the time bridge. 

Matter falling into the equatorial region in accretion will pass half north and half south. This ejects both sides of the BH suggesting the time bridge to be connected to the poles as a double tunnel. This avoids contact with matter in the accretion disc as antimatter is highly volatile.

                                     Accretion Disc represents matter falling into Black Hole.

                                      Unseen matter flow and Time Bridge construction.

As the BH rotates it twists the two time bridge filaments over each other creating a spiral called a double helix. At the WH end the time bridge interacts predominantly in two points forming two huge jets of matter that produce the bar of stars. It’s a double both ends and in-between.

                                       Non Thermal Filament is Time Bridge.

These non thermal filaments have the correct structure predicted by this theory so are not likely to be formed by other fundamental processes like dark matter. They glow due to the exciting of antimatter by matter that may penetrate the time bridge. Not large objects that are gravitational, as they may be repelled, but charged partials which are unavoidable. It is antimatter that arrives at the SMWH which is repelled forming the general outward drift scenario across the Galaxy with only a small proportion (0.5%) being absolved by the SMWH. Once in the Galaxy antimatter violently reacts converting readily to energy and matter generating the Torus.

Other evidence for the double time bridge is located near the BH. A visible interaction between matter and antimatter may occur at the outer accretion zone. If the time bridge is wound close to the BH matter from the disc may pass through the forks of the bridge creating an intermittent and visible hot spot on the outer accretion zone. This hotspot is predicted by this formation and so is unlikely to be associated with other fundamental processes.

Matter Transfer and Nebular

The BH evolution will predict the effects at the associated WH. If the BH catches a partner like a random star in forming a high mass x-ray binary, not low mass, then during a pass matter is striped, accreted and conveyed to the WH elsewhere which may flare, form a Be star with unbound mass or become shrouded in a cloud. If the BH evolves in more matter rich environment like inside the bulge enough may be accreted to start the formation of stars around the WH in a cloud called a nebular.

                                                       Cloud around Be star.     

                                            Nebular.

It is the gravity of BH that commence the star formation process in the Galaxy at the centre or in specific star forming regions and maybe not usually by the collapsing of general clouds of matter into stars in the interstellar medium. Which questions matter evolution by cycling via generations of supernova and reformation into stars. This also questions the evolutionary path of the solar system in elemental composition.

If the BH evolves close to the matter rich galactic centre the time bridge conveyance may be large enough to form huge clusters or even dwarf galaxies. That these features are not captured but home grown.

The two dwarf galaxies close to the Milky Way suggest two BH of large size close to the galactic core. One BH may have moved causing accretion to falter, matter transfer will fail and in the dwarf galaxy stars are not replaced creating an empty middle - this is how galaxies die.

Evidence for these connections can be found in the time bridges that weave across the galaxy. They appear to radiate from the bulge as this is the only place in the galaxy were a BH can become big enough to attract substantial matter to form a large time bridges.

                                            Filaments passing matter across galaxy

SMWH and partner BH

The bridge between large BHs close to the galaxy core and huge clusters must remain stable for long term transfer. This suggests time bridges to extend over great distance and be remarkably stable. They must survive inevitable high energy interactions as they pass through the galactic plane; through the bulge, other time bridges, the bar of stars, the SMWH etc. By their apparent abundance they must be stable, stretchable and robust.

How far they can span may be indicated by the association between the SMWH and its BH partner. This must be of huge size to attract enough matter to feed a galaxy and the only candidates are quasars which cannot be found isolated or even in another galaxy. They must be in a place of almost limitless matter and luckily there is such a place - the early expansion fazes of the Universe, soon after the Big Bang, where all mass was thought to be formed. This is the place we also find quasars. So the only objects possible are in the only place possible. We are connected through most of space time via the interaction of Mass Time and connected under one amazing theory (relativity). Evidence for this relationship comes from non thermal filaments that cross the Universe like arteries passing matter, that are time bridges, to expanding galaxies.

                                      Non thermal filamentary time bridges from quasars to expanding galaxies.

The connections do not end there. In order for a WH to evolve into a galaxy the time bridge alliance must be made first then the matter transfer can begin. We use the speed of light as a recognition of time to look back into the deep field of the Universe to when the Milky Way was smaller, back to when we were a dwarf, a cluster, a nebular, a Be star then to the connection. 1 billion years from the Big Bang galaxies are already visible so the time bridge connection form deeper within this early expansion suggesting a connection in this very early phase.

Probably the first stars ever to collapse their cores in the creation of BHs via a supernova that forged the association and then diverged in space time. One object to form the Galaxy the other to become so large and gravitationally powerful it almost stops time. Remember, the greater the gravity the more time is slowed which also suggests WH characteristics do not substantially slow time (only semi compact and not rotating*). In a sense these quasars are extending the fundamental process that forged all mass. What may be billions of years of evolution for us may be a small stretch of time for a quasar. What happens to us in our journey and what happens to quasars in theirs (and everything proposed in this paper), in what amounts to the evolution of the Universe associated with the interaction between mass and time, can be summed up in one simple equation. U=mt

Were; Universe = U.     Mass = m.     Time = t

Change time to speed of light c² (as a constant and recognition of time)

U=mc² 

And relativity is 

E=mc² 

The Universe is all energy and it’s formed by the interaction of mass and time through the properties of BH / WH partnership as described here and predicted by relativity.

*Matter coming from around the WH may have super fast rotation as antimatter may travel in the bridge near the speed of light. The association with the BH suggest the WH is not rotating.

Origin of Galaxies in the Relative Universe

SIMON KNEEN 

Nov. 2010. rewrite 5^th Sept. 2011  

ABSTRACT

    Albert Einstein calculated the effect of gravity on time in the early 1900’s through his Theory of Relativity. Now we know that bodies called Black Holes (BH) have so intense gravitation that time may be warped and stretched theoretically forming a tunnel between different times and places. 

    The effect of intense gravity caused by Black Holes on time begins with their formation in a supernova (SNa). This paper follows their development from creation then through accretion in X-Ray Binary (XB) systems to a possible explosive end linking part of this evolutionary path to early Quasars and Super Massive Black Holes (SMBH) in Galaxy formation based on the interaction and laws that govern Gravity and Time.

1. INTRODUCTION

   The mechanism for the movement of matter in a BH binary system concerns accretion. Matter is drawn from a secondary to a more massive but compact primary by gravitational attraction which forms a disc as it spirals inward until reaching the inner accretion zone, close to the BH, where time may be warped and stretched. We look at evidence for accretion in the evolution of BH binary s using generally recognised properties to assist in explaining the basic processes. It is vital to understand the laws that govern BH as they are fundamental to the construction of galaxies there being a suspected connection between galaxy formation and the SMBH thought to be in their midst partly due to a general correlation in size.

KEY WORDS: Black Hole, Relativity, X-ray Binaries, Antimatter, Galaxy, Gravity, White Hole (theoretical partner to a BH)

2. BLACK HOLES IN SPACE TIME.

   One of the most fascinating properties of BH is their suspected influence on time. It has been calculated that gravity is able to slow time which is predicted by Einstein’s Theory of Relativity.

E=mc²

   This shows the bending of time by strong gravitational force forming a sort of bridge as the BH falls back in time like a ‘well’ into the past (Pic.1). Slow-down factors of gravity on time have been well proved. (B. Whitworth. 2007)

  

     Pic.1 Gravity of a Black Hole bending space time forming tunnel.

  The problem with Pic.1 concerns any physical representation of time. A two dimensional grid, warped by the intense gravity of a BH forming a tunnel, cannot be possible as time is not an entity in its self. Nor is it a force. Time is in theory a forth dimension and this is a property and description of matter. What’s missing from Pic.1 is mass, a hook or anchor, to attach the bridge to the present. A secondary star to the BH associated through space time and evolving with it to form something like a White Hole (WH). How this gravitational association forms in the evolution of BHs is part of their creation in a supernova.

3. SUPERNOVA - BIRTH OF A BLACK HOLE.

   The process of BH and Neutron Star (NS) formation occurs at a SNa. As a large star exhaust the hydrogen fuel it contracts raising density and temperature, the ignition of helium forms sufficient outward pressure to halt any collapse. This is repeated through other elements as the star dies in a spiral of shrinking and heating until reaching heavy metals like iron which are unable to produce energy through fusion. The core then collapses under a shock wave caused by explosive forces of the SNa at speeds reaching 70,000 km/s with a resulting increase in density and temperature. This is abruptly stopped by the degeneracy pressure of neutrons producing a rebound shock wave. This causes the core to divide as the collapse and sudden stop is more like a powerful impact creating an ejector through recoil.

   In the instant of minimum core size massive asymmetric velocity waves and rebound energy will distort and deform the singularity throwing out a second object. The forming of two bodies will be assisted by the way shock waves pass through solid spheres which tend to concentrate energy waves. This may explain how some types of SNa event often produces a binary system (E. Tuncer.1999).

    So the product of some type II SNa are: 1) The shell of expanding matter from the progenitor’s outer region. 2) Often a collapsed core remnant in the form of a compact star. 3) Sometimes a smaller aftershock object - heavy in metals and relatively light in weight. With the loss of restraining gravitational confines this body expands as constituents are burned in an energy release event followed by a slow burn-down  as the new star evolves (the unusual properties of this stellar body will be discussed at the end of this paper). 

  This core collapse and resulting separation event (the birth or ‘Naissance process') provides a vital gravitational connection through space time between the two bodies. One high in mass and compact the other low mass and not compact.
   They are likely to follow similar trajectories (based on the original star’s kinetics) but the time bridge may also provide a physical connection. As the stellar core collapses and the BH starts to slow time the object gets a kick of momentum when shedding a proportion of mass through rebound energy wave, producing a small evolving star as a companion. This secondary body is not so compact and will not slow time at the same rate yet may be gravitationally bound through space time to the BH or NS, forming a Relative bridge between the two time lines and pinning the secondary to the bridge or well ‘head’ (Fig.1&2). Whether the companion is caught by the primary and forms a XB or is blasted beyond capture will be calculated on a sliding scale by the degree of asymmetry in the collapse, the nature of the SNa and the size of time shift; the separation velocities and size being an expression of the original star and shock wave. After the split event the time bridge may form an attraction conduit as the gravitational vortex may assists them to gradually coalesce in the forming of a binary.

   The type of stars produced will vary with characteristics of each SNa. The large star nova GRB 980425 has produced no appreciable afterglow GRB (George Kosugi. 2007) and with a high velocity the core may have divided into two compact objects.

    Masses over the threshold of NS that become BH may be thought of as having infinite mass though for this paper they will be included in the above definition by their original weight, so that the larger the singularity, the more time is slowed.

   There may be other explanations for the creation of XBs it shall be show that this evolutionary path fits the characteristics of these low mass binaries and models the evolution and expansion of galaxies.

Fig. 1. Forming Black Hole shedding a proportion of mass as an ejector while it starts to slow time.

Fig 2. Secondary expands while separating from Black Hole forming a gravitational bridge as they part, pinning the secondary to the bridge or well head. (‘normal’ time is shown as a grid )

4. X-RAY BINARIES ODDITIES.

   Mystery seems to surround these enigmatic low mass binaries. The evolution paths are not clearly mapped. Unexplained fluctuations occur in the orbit of the donor star with some orbiting very close without coalescing. There are problems pinning down the exact physics of the exchange of matter from the secondary to the primary which forms an accretion disc but partly due to the sheer forces close to the event horizon appear problematical with some matter accretion (J. Irwin 2002). Other oddities include transients in emissions, bursts and dipping.

   These problems may in some degree be solved if the binary is formed by rebound shock wave pressure on a collapsing star remnant creating a compact BH or NS and a companion forming a bridge between the two assisted by the splitting of time at the same event.

5. ACCRETION AND THE TIME BRIDGE.

   The gravitational time bridge between the partners effects properties of these XBs unlike binares made through the attraction of random stars.
  Matter is shed from the donor to the primary via an accretion disc which often disappears before reaching the suspected event horizon or compact surface. This area of high activity close to the BH or NS is reckoned to be the origin of high energy emissions (J. Tomsick).

   One explanation for the unusual properties of this region is matter being converted to antimatter, which has already been theorise, this would account for the high energy x-ray and gamma-ray emissions at this location (Guillaume Dubus 2007) and may be why the accretion disc seems to have an inner limit, antimatter having opposite properties of matter. Stephen Hawking (1974) suggested the association of matter and antimatter at the accretion zone. This states that the ergo sphere around a BH has a different metric signature to the rest of space time. So an object with positive energy away from the BH, can end up with negative energy near it. However, there is no absolute proof of antimatter production at this location.

    Since the compact primary may be thought of as existing at the base of a time tunnel it could be possible for matter to pass against the force of gravity through the time bridge to the well head and the secondary in the present. Antimatter may be more capable of this movement as it has opposite gravitational magnetism (L. Schiff. 1959) and may be violently repelled by the BH. That these binaries produce quantities of antimatter has been found in our own galaxy in clouds associated with a group of binaries close to the galactic bulge. “Simple estimates suggest that about half and possibly all the antimatter is coming from x-ray binaries” (George Weidenspontner 2009). The exact relationship between matter and antimatter needed to correlate interactions in the time circuit within the binary is not covered here.

6.QUANTUM REVOLUTION

  This movement through the bridge completes the quantum revolution in a (anti) matter transfer circuit.
  Passing mass/energy from the BH to the secondary star through the largely invisible gravitational time bridge then back to the primary via accretion (Fig. 3.) which may account for some of the characteristics of these XBs. Accretion levels may fluctuate since small deviations in matter/antimatter flow will amplify with each rotation giving rise to transience and uneven emissions so that sudden fluctuations in accretion will transfer via the bridge direct to the secondary. This explains orbital anomalies as the secondary becomes heavier or lighter according to matter transfer.

   Many of the secondary stars in these binary systems are recognised as a special type of Be Star (67% approx.) a classification which denotes unbound mass extending around the equatorial region, a possible effect of mass/energy transfer from the well head (Point B). It may also explain the extremely close orbits some XBs have the partners being kept from coalescing partly by the influence of the time bridge. If the two converge through gravitational attraction the matter rotation rate rises and the accretion disc interacts (or is repelled) with the time bridge at Point C, forming an opposing force.

   

 Fig. 3

 Fig. 3. Matter/antimatter transfer cycle in X-ray binary forming a continuous mass/energy circuit through space time - while close enough to interact.

   Since accretion centres at the magnetic equator, the flow of antimatter from the inner accretion zone (point A) will pass toward both poles which forms two bridges. How and where they join back up is shown above in diagrammatic form.

   The problem (and good vindication) with this type of formation, apart from being a quite complicated structure, arises at point C. The accretion disc is not likely to be neat and compact as some accreting matter will pass through the suspected antimatter time bridge, particularly if the secondary’s orbit is close. 
    This collision between two - moving in different directions - matter energy streams (powered by the BH antimatter in the time tunnel could be travelling close to light speed) may be detectable especially considering the violent reaction between matter and antimatter. There is known to be a ‘hot spot’ on the outer accretion zone exactly were the matter streams are likely to cross (Stefan Kunze 2000) giving some of the best proof that Fig. 3 is close to being accurate, along with the quantum revolution through space time theory itself.

    Fig. 3 shows the flow of matter. It also represents flow through space time, Point A being where matter is pulled back to the time zone of the singularity and point B where it passes into the present.

   This diagram gives some explanation of Relativistic Jetting known to come from the magnetic poles in Black Hole Binaries. The flow of antimatter and other radiations, partly from the inner accretion zone and partly from the BH, will separate at the magnetic poles as the time bridge draws antimatter toward the secondary star - leaving other products of the quantum revolution (those unaffected by the gravitational time vortex and/or moving 'fast') to jet from the poles.

   What can be predicted by this model is that Low Mass X-Ray Binaries are produced by Supernova core collapse events. It also predicts the formation of these XBs close to matter that is recently coalesced and new BH and NS are likely to be forming from the parent short lived stars, in globular clusters and close to the bulge. High Mass X-Ray Binaries are more likely to be the product of gravitational attraction between random bodies.
  It may also account for extreme heating of the secondary star on the side closest to the well head as matter/antimatter bombards its face close to point B.

   It is a possibility that BH, far from disappearing down their own time well into some sort of alternative universe, are capable of matter transfer and interactions with the present. This movement of matter will only occur while the pair are close enough to interact. Once the donor star passes from gravitational reach accretion and energy transfer will stop. In theory the time bridge could continue to connect the two bodies however far through space time they separate - which will become important in respect to galaxy evolution.

    This gives us two distinct XB groups:

I. XBs formed together with a causal link by the splitting of SNa core into a related binary and probably have an upper limit to birth size.

II. XBs formed by the capture of random bodies via gravitational attraction.

    As the properties of some SNa are likely to be broadly similar there is a very general correlation between the mass ratio of type I XB partners at approx 1:10. Type II have none.

    Should the BH interact with other matter, once past the binary stage, the bridge may resume transfer to the secondary in a one way conveyance.

   The accretion process formed by the BH powerful gravitation fuels the possible matter/antimatter cycle though some of the matter may fall directly onto the primary and we know of bursts detected in NS binaries that come from high energy burning on or near the surface (F. Moreno). BH theoretically have no surface and matter is supposed to disappear for ever.

7. ‘STANDARD LUMINOSITY’ IN SUPERNOVA.

   This Quantum Revolution within the binary inevitably includes substantial matter loss; some through energy release and high energy burning, some through angular momentum at the accretion zone, sometimes through jetting at the poles and some through drift into deep space. These losses may cause instability in the binary particularly if attributed to the primary which is held compact by mass. Any catastrophic matter reduction with associated gravitational loss and resulting explosive expansion may be the cause of types of SNa attributed to binaries (E, Marietta 2000).

   This may be why these Ia SNa have a ‘standard luminosity’. The point where the BHs gravity can no longer hold itself compact will have the same critical mass and thus the same explosive force every time. Once the BH catches the secondary the binary is trapped in a destructive spiral of matter/energy loss, eventually resulting in the explosion of both bodies and the time bridge (occasionally the partners may separate when close to the critical minimum mass, this may explain rare double supernovas and predicts them to be jointly equal to one stranded luminosity).     

8. TIME BRIDGE IN GALAXY EVOLUTION

   Most XB partners may evolve in environments of general mass lost, however some may form in places of huge matter richness (particularly in reference to the primary). In the right conditions can the partners gain in mass? This question becomes important when considering the evolution paths from quasars to Super Massive White Holes (SMWH) in galaxy formation as what is true of BH may be true of other compact bodies like early quasars. That they (a quasar and a SMWH) once formed from an ordinary stellar core and separated after a primordial SNa in one of the first Naissance events as a BH / WH partnership with their matter source as the cosmic flow from the Big Bang itself - they may be thought of as having access to vast matter reserves.

   The SMWH in the Galactic centre (Not SMBH) is the partner to a quasar from deep in the past and it sits over a well that draws matter from the early Universe.
   A BH or quasar is the product of a stellar collapse and likely to have high rotation speed - a SMWH is the product of a small star bloated to millions of solar masses and not compact it will rotate very very slowly.
   The quasar is so massive (or has become so) that it almost stops time*, constantly drawing matter from the Big Bang in a huge accretion disc which passes largely unseen through the time bridge and billions of years - to the NOW.  

   This sets to rights the evolutionary path of the Galaxy by predicting the expansion of quantities of matter from the SMWH into the galactic bulge which passes gradually along the galactic plane to finally disperse beyond the Galaxy. We are fated to pass with the mass around us away from the galactic core, to cross the Galactic plane until finally the lights fade out - forming what is known as the Dark Halo. The size of the galaxy represents the total of mass passed from the quasar to the SMWH through its lifetime (I surmise the object feeding the galaxy is an early quasar because only the primordial Universe can provide uninterrupted induction of such quantities of matter) and why there exists a general correlation in the size of galaxies and their WH core.
   Images from around the SMWH show massive eruptions of matter, as 'overflow', many light years long (Lecture 13). Far from containing a really huge accretion disc and powerful flaring in x-ray as might be expected if a true massive BH, this area has concentrations of unbound mass (the Torus) and orbiting young stars described as the 'Paradox of Youth' since the environment around the supposed SMBH if it is a BH should have no such populations.

   When mapping stars in the Galaxy by metal abundance (M. Arnaud. 2010) we find a striking correlation with distances from the SMWH, generally youngest nearest the core, oldest at the dark halo representing lateral drift. That stars appear to permanently orbit the Galaxy is only an expression of the slow radial current. Other corroboration comes from near circular orbit of stars in the Milky Way and structures such as spiral arm configuration as an extension of the Bar of stars in the Bulge as matter expansion from the galactic centre. The Standard Model falls short of explaining structure in galaxy with its reliance on random murger events and likely kayo-tic result. That your Sun formed in the Bulge along with most of the other stars around us about 5 billion years ago with matter passed direct from the early universe and we have spiralled to here over that time.
   BHs that formed only a 'little' latter in the early Universe may not induct enough matter to slow time sufficiently and remain in the energy rich embryo Universe - their dependant galaxy die. 

   The notion of time bridges, only identifiable when in contact with matter, connecting quasars over vast distance in space time to expanding galaxies - passing mass/energy direct from the Big Bang and forming arteries of antimatter that criss-cross the Universe may be hard to visualise or detect. However, some interaction between these and charged particles of matter may form identifiable non thermal filamentary configurations as the intergalactic medium is not empty and possible structures have been found like vast canals. Time bridges have an distinctive structure being two tunnels that will rap around each other in a double helix. like  Pic.2 . Matter falling into the BH in the accretion process passes to both poles forming two bridges that come together over the disc (Fig.3). Also two jets create the Bar of stars at the SMWH galactic core suggesting a double time bridge.

    Pic.2 Two filaments forming distinctive double helix that can only be a time bridge.

  Sometimes these bridges may pass through a mass rich environment, like a galactic bulge, forming a very specific high energy interaction. Galaxy M87 with its unusual and vast asymmetric jet, representing a possible filamentary collision made visible by the blasting of matter like whole stars that cross the interrupted and overflowing beam, may be just such a candidate (Fig4). The SMWH in its centre seems to be in the stream of a filamentary time bridge going to another galaxy, that and being fed from its own conduit may be why it is known to be unusually large, possibly suggesting these supposed SMWH may attract antimatter bridges.

Fig 4. M87 and jet.

    Non-Thermal Filaments have been found in our own Galaxy radiating from near the core which may show antimatter bridges from BHs in close orbit with the SMWH accretting matter and conveying to partners in the bulge or across the galaxy creating 'local' star forming regions as Nebula, Globular Clusters and Dwarf Galaxies predicting a partner star to a BH forming each one. In this environment these bridges will pass through other matter, like clouds of particles or gas, or interact with more massive objects as is inevitable while the partners are far apart and in motion. By their apparent abundance these conduits seem to survive most encounters - showing time bridges as surprisingly robust.
   Any idea of human inter stellar travel already extremely unlikely and mostly unnecessary that has the possibility of collision with largely invisible time bridges may prove totally impossible.

* Can gravity become so strong that it stops or reverses time? As quasars are the largest BHs in the known Universe they may be the best candidates. How these quasars remain in and interact with the Big Bang in the formation and possible final collapse of the Universe forms the basis of my understanding of its evolution and visualising the interaction between Time and Mass fundamental to that view, which is not covered here.

9. MASS TIME AS THE BASIS OF THE UNIVERSE.

   Adding time to the equation of matter transfer adds a new dimension to the evolutionary paths of the Universe.

  The matter transfer system proposed here includes the accretion of mass onto the quasar and SMWH as they are both far too large to be the product of a single star collapse event. They may also be the product of mergers since we think galaxies may combine. However, this presents a problem as the SMWH may not be able to merge with other galactic cores. What would happen to the time bridges if they did is not covered here.

   Quasars themselves may be attracted to each other by increasing gravitation partly due to mass induction, particularly considering how close to each other they are/were evolving. Any alteration in the quasar would pass through the bridge and produce dramatic reactions in the Galactic Core perhaps creating types of Active Galaxies.

 CONCLUSION.

   This theory looks partly at evolutionary paths of mass in galaxies and partly at research into XBs. As such it leaves several important points with alternative interpretation. It is impossible to formulate an elegant theory, outside of the Standard Model, without looking anew at long held beliefs and reevaluating current knowledge. How close it comes to an answer and how justifiable that is can be partially interpreted as a ‘best fit’ scenario. The theory of a mechanism for the flow of matter (anti or otherwise) through the time bridge and the theory of the production of binaries from shock wave inertia as another are to some degree what fills the knowledge gap rather than what is very well proved.             

   The quantum revolution theory fits remarkable well with many seemingly quite unassociated areas of current astrophysical research and as it is so fundamentally based on Relativity may be, I hope, some small vindication of Einstein’s brilliant Theory of Relativity, whilst maybe casting new light on the evolution of the Universe. The basis of which is the Laws that govern Mass Time.

REFERENCES

   Simon Kneen. 'Galaxy Evolution The Standard Model vs The Relative Model.'  2013

  Brian Whitworth. ‘The Physical World as a Virtual Reality.’ Massey University, Auckland, N.Z. (2007)

  E. Tuncer. ‘Associations of X-ray Binaries with Open Clusters and Supernova remnants’ Middle East Technique University. Turkey. 1999.

   George Kosugi. Spectral Evolution of the GRB 030329 Afterglow. ‘Detection of the Super Nova Nebular Phase Emissions’ 27 Nov. 2003.

  J. Irwin. ‘X-ray Spectral Properties of Low Mass X-ray Binaries in nearby Galaxies’ Astrophysical Journal 587:356-366. 2003.

  J. Tomsick. ‘Optical Astrometry of Accreting Black Holes and Neutron Stars: Scientific Opportunities’ University of Heidelberg.

   Guillaume Dubus ‘High Energy Gamma-ray Emission from Binaries.’ Laboratoire d ‘Astrophysique de Grenoble. UMRSS71CNRS, Universite J. Fourier, BP53, 38041 Grenoble France. 20 Dec. 2007.

   S. Hawking. Nature (London) 248,30. 1974.

  L. Schiff. ‘Gravitational Properties of Antimatter’ Dept. of Physics, Stanford University, California. USA. 1959.

  George Weidenspointner. Nature paper Jan. 2009. Max Planck Institute of Extraterrestrial Physics. Quoted in Space.com ‘Source of Mysterious Antimatter Found.’

   Stefan Kunze. ‘Substantial stream-disc overflow found in three binary SPH simulations of cataclysmic variables‘. 20 Sept. 2000.

 F. Moreno. ‘Accretion onto Neutron Stars: Hydrodynamics and Nucleosynthesis’

 E. Marietta. ‘Type 1a Supernova Explosions in Binary Systems: the impact on the secondary and its consequences.’ The Astrophysical Journal Supplement series 128:615-650. 2000.

 Lecture 13: The Galactic Center. www.astro.utu.fi/~cflynn/galdyn/113.html

 M. Arnaud. ‘The Evolution of Galaxy Clusters Across Cosmic Time’ 2010.