Galaxy formation in the Standard Model v Growth.

Evidence is increasing that Galaxies are made by matter arriving around the Central Object and spiralling away in a continuous conveyance. Matter is leaving this object from the equator creating an active zone called the Torus and stars local to the Core are predominately spiralling away.

This growth predicts a different process for Galaxy formation and can be compared to merger in the Standard Model as it produces characteristics that cannot associate. Comparing the properties of a Galaxy made by merger with growth will confirm which is applicable.

The Standard Model predicts chaotic galaxy shapes. Even a ‘sympathetic’ merger where two galaxies come harmoniously together will overlay features like spiral arms and bulges to form concentrations of stars, odd shapes and deformity. Many more mergers will be very disruptive and destructive. Growth predicts circular and symmetrical galaxies. 

                                         Circular and symmetrical galaxy.

Matter leaving the equator of the Central Object and forming into stars will continue that momentum creating a vast disc called the Galactic Plane. It would be unlikely that even a super massive central object could dominate matter over the full width of a galaxy to form along one plane after merger. This associates to growth.

New stars forming around the Galaxy Centre will give them an even and near circular orbit. The amount of very irregular or elliptical orbits will be low (maybe less than 1%) and incoming stars from merger will create a high percentage of elliptical orbits (40-50%+ would not be unexpected). The actual amount is low which is associated to growth and not to the Standard Model.

The growth process suggest that the bulge is a huge star-forming zone with matter pouring from around the Central Object forming stars that spiral across the galaxy over time. This predicts young stars will dominate the Bulge whereas the Standard Model suggests it is full of old, however, when the ages of stars are analysed they appear to be largely young. This is called the ‘paradox of youth’ and as such is impossible to related to the merger.

This growth suggests an ageing process over the Galactic Plane where young stars are generally found near the centre and older are found further out. Short lived and unstable stars are almost exclusively found in the Bulge as they don't get far from their birth place. This ageing is also true of clusters and nebula which appear to be on the same conveyance (M. Arnaud. ‘The Evolution of Galaxy Clusters Across Cosmic Time’ 2010). It is impossible for the random, chaotic, and disruptive merger processes to form a grading of star clusters in age from the Bulge.
Stars spiralling across the Galactic Plane, in growth, will gradually die as a natural ageing process eventually forming the Dark Halo as an accumulation of dead stars.

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                          Dark Halo around galaxy showing graveyard of stars.

The growth process suggests a steady outward flow of matter so galaxies of a similar age will have a similar mass. Plotted on a graph their sizes will fall into a growth curve. This is called Freeman’s Law. In the Standard Model galaxies start small and randomly merge which will not result in most being of similar large size. A growth curve cannot be confused with random effects.

The sun is not orbiting in an exact circle around the galaxy. We are gradually moving away as a likely illustration of outward drift. The Sun may have formed in the bulge with most of the stars around us and we have gradually spiralled away over the Sun’s lifetime.

The Spiral Arms are not random. They are connected to a bar of stars that crosses the bulge right through the Central Object. Matter as two streams, like huge jets, steadily move away through growth and are replaced from the centre. As they pass out of the Bulge they form two spirals as part of outward drift and rotation. These arms are the Bar of yesteryear.

None of the properties of galaxies associate to merger while all connect to growth (a pattern which will continue through every galaxy feature). That process will not associate to the Central Object being a Black Hole - so must be something else.