Creation of Ring Galaxy and the general movement of Stars

Galaxies seem to fail from the centre, creating an empty space that gets bigger and bigger, suggesting the general movement of matter is away from the Core forming Ring Galaxies. Dying from the middle indicates stars are spiralling from the central object, thought to be a Super Massive Black Hole, as matter close to this thing is generally moving away. For galaxies to remain active requires stars to be replaced at the centre were matter arrives around this central object forming concentrations of stars called the Torus - making it the fulcrum of galaxy evolution. When this system fails the stars moving away are not replaced and a hole appears which gets bigger. Thus, the movement of stars across the Galactic Plane is an outward spiral and the entire galaxy is made by growth.

This process is impossible to associate to a Black Hole as the Core. It’s physical properties and connection to outward drift may better associate to a different object.

Galaxy formation in the Standard Model v Growth.

Evidence is increasing that Galaxies are made by matter arriving around the Central Object and spiralling away in a continuous conveyance. Matter is leaving this object from the equator creating an active zone called the Torus and stars local to the Core are predominately spiralling away.

This predicts a different process for Galaxy formation and can be compared to merger in the Standard Model as it produces characteristics that cannot associate. Comparing the properties of a Galaxy made by merger with growth will confirm which is more applicable.

The Standard Model predicts chaotic galaxy shapes. Even a ‘sympathetic’ merger where two galaxies come harmoniously together will overlay features like spiral arms and bulges to form concentrations of stars, odd shapes and deformity. Many more mergers will be very disruptive and destructive. Growth predicts circular and symmetrical galaxies. 

                                         Circular and symmetrical galaxy.

Matter leaving the equator of the Central Object and forming into stars will continue that momentum creating a vast disc called the Galactic Plane. It would be unlikely that even a super massive central object could dominate matter over the full width of a galaxy to form along one plane after merger. This associates to growth.

New stars forming around the Galaxy Centre will give them an even and near circular orbit. The amount of very irregular or elliptical orbits will be low (maybe less than 1%) and incoming stars from merger will create a high percentage of elliptical orbits (40-50%+ would not be unexpected). The actual amount is low which is associated to growth and not to the Standard Model.

The growth process suggest that the bulge is a huge star-forming zone with matter pouring from around the Central Object forming stars that spiral across the galaxy over time. This predicts young stars will dominate the Bulge whereas the Standard Model suggests it is full of old, however, when the ages of stars are analysed they appear to be largely young. This is called the ‘paradox of youth’ and as such is impossible to related to the Standard Model.

This growth suggests an ageing process over the Galactic Plane where young stars are generally found near the centre and older are found further out. Short lived and unstable stars are almost exclusively found in the Bulge. That ageing is also true of clusters and nebula which appear to be on the same conveyance (M. Arnaud. ‘The Evolution of Galaxy Clusters Across Cosmic Time’ 2010). It is impossible for the random, chaotic, and disruptive merger processes to form a grading of star clusters in age from the Bulge.
Stars spiralling across the Galactic Plane, in growth, will gradually die as a natural ageing process eventually forming the Dark Halo as the star grave yard.

                          Dark Halo around galaxy showing graveyard of stars.

The growth process suggests a steady outward flow of matter so galaxies of a similar age will have a similar mass. Plotted on a graph their sizes will fall into a growth curve. This is called Freeman’s Law. In the Standard Model galaxies start small and randomly merge which will not result in most being of similar large size. 

The sun is not orbiting in an exact circle around the galaxy. We are gradually moving away as a likely illustration of outward drift. The Sun may have formed in the bulge with most of the stars around us and we have gradually spiralled away over the Sun’s lifetime.

The Spiral Arms are not random. They are connected to a bar of stars that crosses the bulge right through the Central Object. Matter as two streams, like huge jets, steadily move away through growth and are replaced from the centre. As they pass out of the Bulge they form two spirals as part of outward drift and rotation. These arms are the Bar of yesteryear.

None of the galaxy features here associate to merger while all connect to growth. That process will not associate to the Central Object being a Black Hole - so must be something else.

The ‘Paradox of Youth’

The ‘Paradox of Youth’ were young stars dominate the Galaxy Centre is associated with the formation of stars and not with the Standard Model. This model suggests stars condense from clouds of material across the Galactic Plane and fall into the Galaxy Centre, or Bulge, over time. That makes it full of old stars but, demonstrated by the image of a galaxy were white indicates hot new stars, the Bulge is full of young.

This paradox is explained by matter arriving around the Central Object, creating a star forming region called the Torus, that condense into stars which spiral across the Galaxy over time. This is were most stars are formed and create a growth process. That predicts an ageing system as the further across the Galaxy the older the stars (except those formed in clusters etc - and the possible condensing from clouds in the inter-star medium). So unstable and short lived stars don’t get far and only found in, or close to, the Bulge.

Clusters and Nebula also tend to follow this pattern of ageing over the Galactic Plane and may be part of the same conveyance.(M. Arnaud. ‘The Evolution of Galaxy Clusters Across Cosmic Time’ 2010)

Standard Model Madness

Fairly even scatter of stars from the centre - all with similar orbits

The Standard Model relies on adding up gravity within a Galaxy or the Universe as a vital part of their evolution. This is necessity over reason - necessity to get the Standard Model to work at any price. Matter like stars associate when close but are almost or totally autonomous over great distance as gravity is near object. Strong associations between objects that is gravitational forms an attractive force which is often conglomerating in nature.
This is amply demonstrated by the Bulge in the Galaxy centre. That contains huge quantities of stars, vast clouds of matter and a gigantic central object as potentially a gravity rich environment. However, that mass cannot add together or the Bulge may collapse. Evidence gravity is not accumulative over great distance in the Bulge, or anywhere else, can be found in the orbit of stars. There is no difference between their orbit close to the Bulge or those further across the Galactic Plan demonstrating no accumulation effect of gravity.
Nether can one Galaxy attract another, even at close quarters, making the Standard Model madness.

The Dark Halo in galaxy formation

The Dark Halo in galaxy formation may be the result of outward drift in stellar evolution. The majority of stars are formed at the Galaxy Core (the Torus) from matter escaping the SM Central Object. This explains the ‘paradox of youth’ as the Galaxy Centre is full of young stars. These spiral away over time and are constantly replaced so that large, unstable and short lived stars are to be generally found in the Bulge. Types that are long lived and stable may spiral far across the Galaxy giving an ageing effect according to distance from the Core.
One by one they burn out as the further from the Galaxy Centre the older the material and hence more likely to be dark. Eventually almost all are gone producing the Dark Halo as a graveyard of stars and an expression of general outward spiralling drift from the Galaxy centre. This questions the validity of the Central Object as a Black Hole.
Clusters and Nebulae also age over the Galactic Plane as part of the same general outward orbit.
Totally random and disruptive merger in the Standard Model cannot (as in Impossible) describe this ageing over the Galactic Plane.

Origin and orbit of the Sun

The orbit of the Sun is not perfectly circular around the Galaxy. The Standard Model predicts the Sun will come round to the same place every revolution. However, the orbit the Solar System suggests we are steadily spiralling away from the Galaxy Centre. Coming back round to here will require the alerting of our course inwards then again outwards. Any variation in trajectory is likely to be catastrophic and will not return us the this point.
The Sun’s orbit is a recognition of spiralling. It was born in the Galaxy Centre in the active zone called the Torus, along with most stars, and has spiralled to here over it’s lifetime.
The next revolution we will be nearer the Outer Galaxy and our ultimate destination - forming part of the Dark Halo as a graveyard of stars.